Agvan Dorjiev

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Agvan Dorjiev, Agvan Lobsan Dorzhiev, Dorjieff, ou Tsenyi Khempo (1854-1938), un Khory Bouriate mongol, et un sujet russe, est né dans le village de Khara-Shibir, près d'Oulan-Oudé, à l'est du Lac Baikal.^[1]

[modifier] Études Bouddhistes au Tibet

Il quitta son domicile en 1873 à dix-neuf ans à la Gelugpa de Drepung proche de Lhassa, le plus grand monastère de tout le Tibet. Après avoir complété avec succès le cursus traditionnel des études religieuses, il commença des études académiques Bouddhistes à Geshey Lharampa (le plus haut niveau d'études en philosophie bouddhiste).^[2] Il continua ses études jusqu'au milieu des années 1880 et, après quinze années d'études obtint le titre de Tsanit Khenpo, qui peut se traduire par Maitre de la philosophie Bouddhiste ou encore par Professeur de Métaphysique Bouddhiste.^[3],[4] Il devint un des enseignants du 13^e Dalaï-Lama, Thubten Gyatso avec lequel il débattait, et garda son rôle jusqu'à la fin des années 1910. Il a probablement également contribué à protéger le jeune Dalaï-Lama des intrigues de la cour de Lhassa. Il était très proche de son disciple, avec lequel il entrtenait une amitié suivie.^[5],[6]

[modifier] Envoy for the Dalai Lama

En 1896, le Tsar Nicolas II de Russie donna à Agvan Dorjiev une montre monogrammée de garnde valeur pour les services qu'il avait rendu aux agents russes de Petr Badmayev à Lhassa ^[7]

In early 1898 Dorzhiev went to St. Petersburg "to collect subscriptions for his monastic college"^[8] and became friendly with Prince Esperovich Ukhtomskiy, Gentleman of the Bedchamber to the Tsar and orientalist. Dorzhiev was presented to the Tsar. Dorzhiev then went on to Paris and possibly London before returning to Lhasa.^[9][10]

By the 1890s Dorjiev had began to spread the story that Russia was the mythical land of Shambhala to the north; that its Czar might be the one to save Buddhism and that the White Tsar was an emanation of White Tara, raising hopes that he would support Tibet and its religion.
Dorzhiev had suggested to the Tibetans that Russia seemed to be embracing Buddhist ideas since their recent advances into Mongolia and might prove a useful balance to British intrigues. In the spring of 1900 Dorzhiev returned to Russia with six other representatives from Thubten Gyatso (born February 12, 1876; died December 17, 1933), the 13th Dalai Lama of Tibet. They travelled through India and met the Tsar at the Livadia Palace in Crimea.^[11] "When they returned they brought to Lhasa a supply of Russian arms and ammunition as well—paradoxically enough—as a magnificent set of Russian Episcopal robes as a personal present for the Dalai Lama."^[12]

In 1901, Thubten Chökyi Nyima, the Ninth Panchen Lama (1883-1937), was visited by Agvan Dorzhiev. Although Dorzhiev only stayed for two days at Tashilhunpo, he received some secret teachings from the Panchen Lama, as well as readings of the Prayer of Shambhala, written by Lobsang Palden Yeshe, the Sixth (or Third) Panchen Lama, concerning the Buddhist kingdom of Shambhala, which were of great importance to Dorzhiev's developing understanding of the Kalachakra ('Wheel of Time') tantric teachings. Choekyi Nyima also gave Dorzhiev gifts including some golden statues.^[13]

[modifier] British fears

By 1903, both Lord Curzon, the Viceroy of India, and Francis Younghusband, became wrongly convinced that Russia and Tibet had signed secret treaties threatening the security of British interests in India, and their suspicions were that Dorzhiev was working for the Russian government^[14][15] , which was among the excuses for the British invasion of Tibet the following year. There were even rumors that Dorzhiev was in charge of the arsenal at Lhasa and directing military operations from the Gyantse Dzong (fort).^[16] These rumors would appear to be false and there is no evidence that Dorzhiev was ever a Tsarist agent, although he did act as a roving ambassador for H.H. the Dalai Lama, trying to gain support in the upper levels of Russian society.^[17]

"Obviously," the [Fourteenth] Dalai Lama said, "The Thirteenth Dalai Lama had a keen desire to establish relations with Russia, and I also think he was a little skeptical toward England at first. Then there was Dorjiev. To the English he was a spy, but in reality he was a good scholar and a sincere Buddhist monk who had great devotion to the Thirteenth Dalai Lama."^[18]

During the British invasion of Tibet by Younghusband in early 1904, Dorzhiev convinced the Dalai Lama to flee to Urga in Mongolia, some 2,500 km north of Lhasa, where the Dalai Lama spent over a year giving teachings to the Mongolians. On 7th Sept., 1904, a peace treaty was signed at the Potala between Britain and the Tibetan government, witnessed by the Chinese Amban, Nepalese and Bhutanese representatives, which included restrictions on the Tibetan government from making treaties with other foreign powers.^[19] Meanwhile the Dalai Lama visited Kumbum Monastery and then travelled via Xining to Beijing, where he was granted an audience with the young Chinese Emperor although he refused to kowtow to him. He stayed in Beijing until the end of 1908. When he returned to Tibet he began reorganising the government, but the Chinese invaded Tibet within a couple of months and he had to flee to India,^[20][19] and was unable to return to Lhasa until the Tibetans drove out the Chinese two years later. Tibet then experienced a period of relative stability until his death in 1933, and even enjoyed good relations with the British.^[21][22]

[modifier] The myth of the 'White Tsars' being incarnations of White Tara.

Since the days of Catherine II - the 'Great' (1729-1796) the Romanov rulers had been considered by Russian lamaists as the incarnation of White Tara, a female bodhisattva typically associated with Buddhist tantric practice and considered an emanation of Chenresig (the bodhisattva who embodies the compassion of all Buddhas), and the protectress of the Tibetan people.^[23][24] 1913 saw the great celebrations for the 300th anniversary of the Romanov's House. Dorzhiev made speeches thanking the Tsar for his essential support for the Buddhist community in St. Petersburg. A lama named Ulyanov, published a book that same year attempting to prove that the Romanovs were directly descended from Sucandra a legendary king of Shambhala.^[25]

Ekai Kawaguchi, the Japanese monk travelled in Tibet from July 4, 1900 to June 15, 1902. He reported in his Three Years in Tibet that Dorzhiev, "circulated a pamphlet in which he argued that the Russian Tsar was about to fulfil the old Buddhist messianic myth of Shambhala by founding a great Buddhist empire."^[26] Although there is no confirmation of this story, it does sound plausible.

[modifier] St. Petersburg Tibetan Temple

In 1909 Dorzhiev got permission from the Tsar to build a large and substantial Buddhist datsan or temple in St. Petersburg which he hoped would become the residence of the first Buddhist ruler of Russia.

However, the Orthodox Church campaigned strongly against construction of this "pagan" temple across the country, which considerably delayed its construction. However, the first service was held on 21 February 1913, and construction was completed by 1915, when Tsar Nicholas II confirmed the arrival of a staff of nine lamas: three from Transbaikalia, four from Astrakhan Province, and two from Stravopol Province.

A second large service was held on 9 June 1914 to consecrate a large gilded copper statue of the sitting Buddha Shakyamuni, which was a gift from King Rama VI of Siam (Thailand), and a standing Buddha Maitreya, a gift from G. A. Planson of the Russian Council in Bangkok.

The consecration of the datsun was held on 10 August 1915, when it was given the name of Gunzechoinei, or 'The source of the Buddha's Religious Teaching that has Deep Compassion for All Beings.'^[27]

The building was ransacked and used for many purposes. It was briefly taken over and damaged by a Red Army detachment in 1919. Some repairs were carried out in 1922 but major restoration was undertaken about 1926 but soon after there was a general persecution of Buddhism throughout the Buryat-Mongol Republic and the Calmuch Antonymous Region, and monasteries were closed and their property including sacred books, altar ornaments, etc., seized, and lamas heavily repressed.

The Leningrad temple, because of its foreign connection remained relatively immune for a while. In late 1933 the last Buddhist service was held at the temple in honour of the recently deceased Thubten Gyatso, the 13th Dalai Lama of Tibet, who had died 17 December 1933.

By 1935 a large group of lamas was arrested by the N.K.V.D. and sentenced to 3 to 5 years hard labour. In 1937 the remaining Buddhists in the city were arrested and shot the same day.^[28]

In 1989 the Buddhist community in St. Petersburg was officially recognised. That year a service was held by the Most Reverend Lama Kushok Bakula Rinpoche of Ladakh; the first service in 50 years.

On 14 July 2004, the 150th birthday of Agvan Dorjiev was celebrated at the Buddhist temple in St. Petersburg, a memory plate was unveiled, and a talk given by the renowned American Buddhist scholar, Robert Thurman.^[29]

[modifier] The Tibet-Mongolia Treaty of 1913

In early 1913, Agvan Dorzhiev and two other Tibetan representatives signed a treaty in Urga, proclaiming mutual recognition and their independence from China. However, Agvan Dorzhiev's authority to sign such a treaty has always been - and still is - disputed by some authorities.

John Snelling, however, says: "Though sometimes doubted, this Tibet-Mongolia Treaty certainly existed. It was signed on 29 December 1912 (OS) [that is, by the Julian Calendar - thus making it 8th January 1913 by the Gregorian Calendar that we use] by Dorzhiev and two Tibetans on behalf of the Dalai Lama, and by two Mongolians for the Jebtsundamba Khutukhtu." He then quotes the full wording of the treaty (in English) from the British Public Records Office: FO [Foreign Office] 371 1609 7144: Sir George Buchanan to Sir Edward Grey, St. Petersburg, dated 11 February 1913.^[30]

Some British authors have, based on remarks of a Tibetan diplomat some years later, even disputed the mere existence of the treaty^[31], but scholars of Mongolia generally are very positive it exists. The Mongolian text of the treaty has, for example, been published by the Mongolian Academy of Sciences in 1982.^[32]

Also in 1913, Dorzhiev founded a manba datsan, a medical college, at the monastery of Atsagat. It quickly became an important centre of Tibetan medicine in Buryatia.^[33]

[modifier] Communism and his arrest by the NKVD and death

After the Russian revolution Dorzhiev was sentenced to death, only to be reprieved due to the intervention of friends in St. Petersburg. Unfortunately, the new temple was plundered and his papers destroyed.

Dorzhief was not originally against the converting of monasteries into collective farms. In 1926 the Buddhist monasteries in Buryatia were 'nationalized' in which "responsibility for the management of the monasteries was transferred to collectives of laypeople. The clergy was deprived of its power. This lead to much hostility, but the monasteries remained very active, and the position of the reformist forces was again strengthened.^[34]

In August, 1927 he led and managed a conference of Tibetan doctors in Atsagat. Proposals were made for a central institute to supervise production and standardisation of Tibetan herbal remedies.^[35]

He managed to co-exist with the Communists during the 1920s but was again arrested during Stalin's purges on 13th November, 1937 by the NKVD and charged with treason, preparation for an armed uprising, and spying for the Mongolians and Japanese. He died in police custody, though apparently of cardiac arrest, after being transferred from his cell to the prison hospital on 29th January, 1938, aged 85.^[36][37]

He was buried at in "a secret traditional burial place in the forest near Chelutai." He was not officially fully rehabilitated, though, until 14th May, 1990, when the case was dismissed, 'on grounds of lack of evidence and absence of criminal activity.'^[38] The location of this secret cemetery has only been made known in recent years and some estimates say at least 40,000 people were buried there.^[39]

[modifier] Notes et références

[modifier] Further reading

• Bernstein, Anya (2006). "Pilgrims, Fieldworkers, and Secret Agents: Buryat Buddhologists and Eurasian Imaginary." [7].
• Snelling, John. (1993). Buddhism in Russia: The Story of Agvan Dorzhiev : Lhasa's Emissary to the Tsar. Element Books. ISBN 978-1852303327; ISBN 1-85230-332-8.