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Un borough est une division administrative présente dans la province canadienne du Québec, dans certains États des États-Unis d'Amérique et autrefois en Nouvelle-Zélande. Au royaume-uni, on trouve également des boroughs, et ce, principalement en Angleterre et en Irlande du Nord.
Le suffixe -borough (ou -brough) apparaît dans le nom de nombreuses villes d'Angleterre, bien que dans le sud de l'Angleterre on le retrouve sous la forme -bury. En outre, le suffixe -bury se retrouve aussi en Nouvelle-Angleterre, une région des États-Unis, alors que dans le sud et l'ouest des États-Unis le suffixe -burg (or -burgh) est le plus représenté.
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[modifier] Prononciation
Dans de nombreuses parties de l'Angleterre, "borough" se prononce /bʌɹə/ (API) 
Écouter la prononciation en anglais, lorsqu'il est pris en tant que mot indépendant, mais lorsqu'il est utilisé comme suffixe d'un nom de lieu, il est prononcé /bɹə/ (API).
Aux États-Unis, borough est prononcé /bʌɹə/, sauf dans certains endroit, comme dans la ville de New York où on le prononce /ˈbʌɻoʊ/. En tant que suffixe "-burg(h)" dans les noms de lieux, il est cette fois prononcé /bɝg/.
In many parts of England, "borough" is pronounced as IPA : /bʌɹə/ Modèle:Audio2 as an independent word, and as /bɹə/ when forming a suffixal part of a place-name. As a suffix, "-brough" is usually pronounced /brə/.
[modifier] Present-day boroughs
[modifier] The United States
In some states of the U.S., such as Pennsylvania and New Jersey, a self-governing city or town is called a borough. In some of these states, boroughs may be grouped together under a governing township.
The state of Alaska also has boroughs, broadly corresponding to the counties of other states. However, most of the land area of the state is not under any borough-level government. The United States Census Bureau has divided the remainder of Alaska into census areas for statistical purposes. Each borough has a borough seat, which serves a purpose similar to a county seat in other states.
The City of New York is made up of five boroughs, each of which is coterminous with a county of the State of New York. The boroughs are:
- The Bronx (Bronx County)
- Brooklyn (Kings County)
- Manhattan (New York County)
- Queens (Queens County)
- Staten Island (Richmond County)
[modifier] Canada
Au Québec, le terme borough est la traduction officielle de la notion d'arrondissement en France.
[modifier] The United Kingdom
Greater London is made up of 32 London Boroughs, together with the City of London. One of the boroughs is formally known as the City of Westminster.
Elsewhere in England, as well as in Northern Ireland, a number of districts and unitary authorities have the status of borough. This status does not denote a distinction in the powers that the area's council has, but is rather a formal style by which the area is empowered to call itself. Similarly, several metropolitan districts have the status of metropolitan borough, and all of the unitary authorities in Wales have the status of county borough.
[modifier] Historical boroughs
[modifier] England
In England, Boroughs were created for two purposes.
1. To establish certain rights vis-à-vis the local lords.
- These Boroughs generally were governed by a corporation, generally self-selected (ie when a member died or resigned his replacement would be co-opted rather than elected). Sometimes boroughs were governed by bailiffs or headboroughs.
2. To be represented in parliament (parliamentary boroughs)
- From 1265, two burgesses from boroughs were summonded to the old Parliament of England (abolished 1707), along with two knights from each county. Towns were granted borough status by Royal Charter. Representation in parliament was decided by the House of Commons itself, so in many cases a borough might have no corporation or mayor yet be represented in Parliament, or vice versa. The electoral franchise depended on the individual borough, and some of these borough seats became rotten boroughs.
The Reform Act 1832 disfranchised many boroughs, some of which were little more than hamlets. Some of the new industrial towns of the north were represented in parliament for the first time.
Debates on the Reform Bill had highlighted the variations in types of town government and a Royal Commission was set up to investigate. As a result, town government was regularised in 1835. All councils were to be elected with a standard franchise based on property.
At the same time a system was devised by which a town could petition Parliament to be given borough status.
Various Reform Acts gave more parliamentary seats to the expanding boroughs, while disfranchising smaller ones. After 1884 voters in county and borough seats had the same franchise so the distinction was now less important; however a distinction between urban and rural areas was retained for calculating maximum permitted election expenses on the grounds that borough seats required the candidates to undertake less traveling.
In 1888 boroughs were divided into two sorts: county boroughs with powers similar to those of counties, and the ordinary municipal boroughs. Smaller towns were made into urban districts in 1894.
In 1974 the old division between county and borough came to an end, with England being divided below county level into districts.
This change was to some extent reversed in the 1990s with some of the larger urban districts being given "unitary status", again with powers similar to counties.
[modifier] Nouvelle-Zélande
La Nouvelle-Zélande a utilisé autrefois le terme borough pour désigner des villes de petites tailles auto-gouvernées, mais les New Zealand's borough councils ont été supprimés en 1989 et transférés dans des structures administratives de plus grande taille.
[modifier] Borough as a placename
There is a neighbourhood in the London Borough of Southwark simply called The Borough, south of London Bridge across the Thames from the City. There are several villages in England, such as those in Cumbria and the East Riding of Yorkshire, called Brough, pronounced [bɹʌf].
El Burgo in Spain is across the river Ucero from the smaller City of Osma. See also below under the places mentioned in the next section on Etymology.
[modifier] Etymology
The word borough has cognates in words and place names in all other Germanic languages: Scots (burgh), Frisian, Dutch, Flemish, German (burg), Danish, Swedish (borg), Norwegian, Icelandic etc.
The English word borough and the Scots word burgh, derived from the Anglo Saxon burh, and its dialectal variants including burg, beorh, beorg, byrig. Those Old English words have a range of meanings, including:
- Hill
- Heap
- Mountain (cf. German berg)
- Fort (cf. burg and Edinburgh.)
- Castle (cf. burg)
- Tower
- City (cf. Hamburg, St. Petersburg, Pittsburgh, Johannesburg etc.)
- House
- Tomb
(Any or all of the above meanings are realised in the words in different languages below.)
Borough is originally a word for a fortified town or city, and for a hill (hills being favourite places of defence where towns/cities were hence built).
Cognate words for borough in other languages and language families include:
Gothic bairgs, Danish borg, the Norwegian city of Bergen. Anglo-Saxon verb beorgan and the Dutch and German verb bergen, all meaning to keep, save, make secure.
Some other European languages have cognate words which were borrowed from the Germanic languages during the Middle Ages. Examples are
- among the Celtic languages: Irish brog, Breton bourg and the Welsh bwr or bwrc meaning wall, rampart or defence; and bwrdais, meaning burgess;
- among the Romance languages: French bourg, Italian borgo, Spanish burgo
[modifier] See also
- List of burghs in Scotland
- Boroughs in New York City
Modèle:Subnational entity Category:Subnational entities Category:Local government of the UK
