Discuter:Années de plomb
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Merci de laisser l'ébauche ci-dessous, je la traduis depuis en.wiki. PierreLarcin 4 mars 2006 à 09:48 (CET)
- Note: This page is on Morocco. For the Years of lead of Italy (Anni di piombo), see The Lead Years
Modèle:Politics of Morocco Les Années de plomb fut une période de l'histoire du Maroc marquée par la violence d'Etat contre les dissidents et contres les activistes de la démocratie.
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[modifier] Timeframe
The Years of lead was a period of Morocco's modern history during the rule of Hassan II (King between 1960-99). This period was marked by political unrest and a heavy-handed response by the government to criticism and opposition. While some count the Years of lead as beginning with Moroccan independence in 1956 (under Mohammed V), repression reached a climax in the 1960s, and wound down only in the early 1990s, possibly related to the end of the Cold War and diplomatic pressure exerted by the United States and European states. Durant les années 1990, le Marocco vit une lente mais notable amélioration de son climat politique et de la situation des droits de l'homme, et le rythme des réformes semble d'accélérer avec l'accession au trône de Mohammed VI, en 1999.
[modifier] La répression et ses victimes
Durant les "années de plomb, les dissidents, les opposants étaient arrêtés, exécutés ou "disparus", les journaux étaient fermés, et les livres bannis. Il existe peu de listes fiables de victimes pour les Années de Plomb, mais les meurtres politiques et les disparitions forcées survinrent par milliers, les arrestations arbitraires et la torture frappèrent de nombreuses personnes, même en-dehors des réseaux d'opposition.
Some examples of government repression include:
- Ciblage de dissidents. Opposition politics was a life-threatening activity in Morocco during the low points of the Years of lead. Harassment of dissidents was commonplace, and several outspoken anti-government activists were jailed or forcibly disappeared by government forces, or died mysteriously. The most famous victim of the Moroccan state in this period was probably socialist dissident Mehdi Ben Barka, a celebrated third world politician who was "disappeared" in Paris, after he fled Morocco in the 1960s.
- Démolition de protestataires. Hundreds were killed and thousands arrested in connection with demonstrations and politicized labor strikes against the government. Protest rioting became so intense during some years in the 1970s that tanks occasionally patrolled the streets of major Moroccan cities; major massacres of demonstrators occurred in Casablanca in 1981 and Fès 1990.
- Purges de l'armée. After the attempted military coups against the king in 1970 and 1972, officers and other suspects were rounded up and sent to secret detention camps such as Tazmamart, Agdiz and Qala'at Mgouna, where many died.
- Sahara Occidental. En 1975, le Maroc a envahi et annexé le Sahara Occidental. Tandis que le sentiment nationaliste généré par cette invasion aidait à calmed la tension politique propre au Maroc, les escadrons de la morts opérèrent au Sahara Occidental, commettant des milliers de meurtres et de disparitions parmi les résistants Sahraouis. (Voir aussi Droits de l'Homme au Sahara Occidental.)
- Guerres du Rif. In 1958-59 the Moroccan army fought rebellious Berber tribes in the Rif mountains that resented the Alaouite Dynasty's rule. The uprisings were harshly put down, with thousands of casualties. If these events are included in the Years of lead, the number of victims would rise considerably.
[modifier] ERC: Looking into the past
As the more liberal-minded Mohammed VI succeeded his father on the throne in 1999, the period was definitely over. While Morocco is still not considered a democracy, and human rights abuses still frequently occur according to rights groups (especially against suspected Islamists and Sahrawi independence seekers)[1][2], important reforms have been instituted to examine past abuses. The press is considerably freer than before, and debate on many subjects is intense, although the Monarchy, Political Islam and Western Sahara remain more or less untouchable. Parliament still holds little or no power over the King, but elections are semi-fair, whereas they were blatantly rigged or suspended for many years during the 1970s and 1980s. Several independent human rights organizations have formed to investigate the impact of state repression during the years of rule, and to press claims for damages suffered.
One of the most significant developments was the setting up in January 2004 of the Equity and Reconciliation Commission (ERC, French acronym IER). The ERC is an official government human rights committee authorized to examine human rights abuses committed by the government, and administer compensations for victims of unfair policies. While this is almost unprecedented in the Arab world, the ERC's actual independence from the current administration, and its ability to reach culprits in the Moroccan elite, known as the "makhzen", has been seriously disputed. The ERC is not mandated to identify or prosecute discovered human rights offenders, and there has been no trials against government employees for their actions during the Years of lead.[3] The situation in Western Sahara, a neighbouring territory that was controversially militarily annexed by Morocco in the 1970s, is been mentioned by rights groups as especially serious. There are complaints that the ERC either can not or will not examine the cases of disappeared or killed Sahrawis with the same forcefulness as with Moroccans.[4]
In January 6, 2006, King Mohammed VI regreted human rights abuses during the Years of lead and called for drawing lessons from the past. [5]
[modifier] See also
- State terrorism
- Police state
- Dictatorship
- Ali Bourequat
- Mohamed Oufkir
- Malika Oufkir
- Politics of Morocco
- History of Morocco
[modifier] External links
- Morocco Finds Graves of 50 killed in 70's - New York Times
- 1981 martyrs' mass grave found in Casablanca - Moroccan Times
- Morocco's Truth Commission: Honoring Past Victims during an Uncertain Present - Human Rights Watch
[modifier] Further reading
- Malika Oufkir and Michelle Fitoussi (2001), Stolen Lives: Twenty Years in a Desert Jail, Miramax Books (ISBN 0786868619 )
- Ali Bourequat (1998), In the Moroccan King's Secret Gardens, Maurice Publishers
- Christine Daure-Serfaty (2002), Tazmamart, (ISBN 2234024722)
- Ahmed Marzouki (2000), Tazmamart Cellule 10 (Tazmamart Cell 10), Editions Paris Méditerranée; Casablanca: Tarik Editions (ISBN 2070419916)
- Interview with Mr. Marzouki: [6]
- Tahar Ben Jelloun (2001), Cette aveuglante absence de lumière (That Blinding Absence of Light), Editions du Seuil and New Press , (ISBN 1565847237)
[modifier] Pertinence du terme Années de plomb
Cette expression d’années de plomb, au-delà d'être une expression familière commune à de nombreuses langues, est-elle un terme historiographique correspondant vraiment à une période précise pour chacun des pays évoqués dans cet article?
Si ce n'est pas le cas pour certains pays, il faut supprimer ces TI de l'article.
El Comandante
Hasta ∞ 29 mai 2008 à 17:35 (CEST)
